Analyse and interpret planetary data about orbital distance, orbital duration, density, surface temperature and uniform gravitational field strength at the planet's surface

Apply the principle of moments to other situations, including those with more than one force each side of the pivot

Apply the principle of moments to situations with one force each side of the pivot, including balancing of a beam

Apply the principle of the conservation of momentum to solve simple problems in one dimension

Calculate acceleration from the gradient of a speed-time graph

Calculate half-life from data or decay curves from which background radiation has not been subtracted

Calculate speed from the gradient of a straightline section of a distance-time graph

Calculate the combined e.m.f. of several sources in series

Calculate the combined resistance of two or more resistors in series

Calculate the combined resistance of two resistors in parallel

Calculate the time it takes light to travel a significant distance such as between objects in the Solar System

Define acceleration as change in velocity per unit time; recall and use the equation a = Δv / Δt

Define and use the term 'limit of proportionality' for a load-extension graph and identify this point on the graph (an understanding of the elastic limit is not required)

Define and use the terms focal length, principal axis and principal focus (focal point)

Define and use the terms normal, angle of incidence and angle of reflection

Define and use the terms normal, angle of incidence and angle of refraction

Define average orbital speed from the equation v = 2 π r / T where r is the average radius of the orbit and T is the orbital period; recall and use this equation

Define density as mass per unit volume; recall and use the equation ρ = m / V

Define efficiency as: (a) (%) efficiency = (useful energy output) / (total energy input) (× 100%) (b) (%) efficiency = (useful power output) / (total power input) (× 100%) recall and use these equations

Define electric current as the charge passing a point per unit time; recall and use the equation I = Q / t

Define electromotive force (e.m.f.) as the electrical work done by a source in moving a unit charge around a complete circuit

Define impulse as force × time for which force acts; recall and use the equation impulse = F Δt = Δ(m v)

Define momentum as mass × velocity; recall and use the equation p = m v

Define potential difference (p.d.) as the work done by a unit charge passing through a component

Define power as work done per unit time and also as energy transferred per unit time; recall and use the equations (a) P = W / t (b) P = ΔE / t

Define pressure as force per unit area; recall and use the equation p = F / A

Define refractive index, n, as the ratio of the speeds of a wave in two different regions

Define resultant force as the change in momentum per unit time; recall and use the equation F = Δp / Δt

Define specific heat capacity as the energy required per unit mass per unit temperature increase; recall and use the equation c = ΔE / m Δθ

Define speed as distance travelled per unit time; recall and use the equation v = s/t

Define the half-life of a particular isotope as the time taken for half the nuclei of that isotope in any sample to decay; recall and use this definition in simple calculations, which might involve information in tables or decay curves (calculations

Define the Hubble constant H_0 as the ratio of the speed at which the galaxy is moving away from the Earth to its distance from the Earth; recall and use the equation H_0 = v / d

Define the kilowatt-hour (kWh) and calculate the cost of using electrical appliances where the energy unit is the kWh

Define the moment of a force as moment = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot; recall and use this equation

Define the spring constant as force per unit extension; recall and use the equation k = F / x

Define the terms proton number (atomic number) Z and nucleon number (mass number) A and be able to calculate the number of neutrons in a nucleus

Define ultrasound as sound with a frequency higher than 20 kHz

Define velocity as speed in a given direction

Describe a method involving a measurement of distance and time for determining the speed of sound in air

Describe a simple form of a.c. generator (rotating coil or rotating magnet) and the use of slip rings and brushes where needed

Describe an echo as the reflection of sound waves

Describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force

Describe an experiment to demonstrate electromagnetic induction

Describe an experiment to demonstrate that there is no resultant moment on an object in equilibrium

Describe an experiment to determine resistance using a voltmeter and an ammeter and do the appropriate calculations

Describe an experiment to determine the position of the centre of gravity of an irregularly shaped plane lamina

Describe an experiment to distinguish between electrical conductors and insulators

Describe an experiment to identify the pattern of the magnetic field (including direction) due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids

Describe an experiment to show refraction of light by transparent blocks of different shapes

Describe an experiment to show that a force acts on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, including the effect of reversing: (a) the current (b) the direction of the field

Describe an increase in temperature of an object in terms of an increase in the average kinetic energies of all of the particles in the object

Describe and explain Brownian motion in terms of random molecular bombardment

Describe compression and rarefaction

Describe condensation and solidification in terms of particles

Describe evaporation in terms of the escape of more-energetic particles from the surface of a liquid

Describe experiments to demonstrate the properties of good thermal conductors and bad thermal conductors (thermal insulators)

Describe experiments to distinguish between good and bad absorbers of infrared radiation

Describe experiments to distinguish between good and bad emitters of infrared radiation

Describe experiments to measure the specific heat capacity of a solid and a liquid

Describe how changes in amplitude and frequency affect the loudness and pitch of sound waves

Describe how energy is transferred between stores during events and processes, including examples of transfer by forces (mechanical work done), electrical currents (electrical work done), heating, and by electromagnetic, sound and other waves

Describe how pressure varies with force and area in the context of everyday examples

Describe how radioactive materials are moved, used and stored in a safe way

Describe how temperature, surface area and air movement over a surface affect evaporation

Describe how the magnetic effect of a current is used in relays and loudspeakers and give examples of their application

Describe how the rate of emission of radiation depends on the surface temperature and surface area of an object

Describe how the scattering of alpha (α) particles by a sheet of thin metal supports the nuclear model of the atom, by providing evidence for: (a) a very small nucleus surrounded by mostly empty space (b) a nucleus containing most of the mass of the

Describe how to determine the density of a liquid, of a regularly shaped solid and of an irregularly shaped solid which sinks in a liquid (volume by displacement), including appropriate calculations

Describe how useful energy may be obtained, or electrical power generated, from: (a) chemical energy stored in fossil fuels (b) chemical energy stored in biofuels (c) water, including the energy stored in waves, in tides and in water behind hydroelec

Describe how wavelength affects diffraction at an edge

Describe how wavelength and gap size affects diffraction through a gap

Describe how waves can undergo: (a) reflection at a plane surface (b) refraction due to a change of speed (c) diffraction through a narrow gap

Describe induced magnetism

Describe internal reflection and total internal reflection using both experimental and everyday examples

Describe melting and boiling in terms of energy input without a change in temperature

Describe redshift as an increase in the observed wavelength of electromagnetic radiation emitted from receding stars and galaxies

Describe simple electric field patterns, including the direction of the field: (a) around a point charge (b) around a charged conducting sphere (c) between two oppositely charged parallel conducting plates (end effects will not be examined)

Describe simple experiments to show the production of electrostatic charges by friction and to show the detection of electrostatic charges

Describe solid friction as the force between two surfaces that may impede motion and produce heating

Describe some of the everyday applications and consequences of thermal expansion

Describe the action of a variable potential divider

Describe the action of thin converging and thin diverging lenses on a parallel beam of light

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of each method in terms of renewability, availability, reliability, scale and environmental impact

Describe the characteristics of an image formed by a converging lens

Describe the composition of the nucleus in terms of protons and neutrons

Describe the construction of a simple transformer with a soft-iron core, as used for voltage transformations

Describe the deflection of α-particles, β-particles and γ-radiation in electric fields and magnetic fields

Describe the differences between boiling and evaporation

Describe the dispersion of light as illustrated by the refraction of white light by a glass prism

Describe the effect of surface colour (black or white) and texture (dull or shiny) on the emission, absorption and reflection of infrared radiation

Describe the effect on the magnetic field around straight wires and solenoids of changing the magnitude and direction of the current

Describe the emission of radiation from a nucleus as spontaneous and random in direction

Describe the features of a wave in terms of wavefront, wavelength, frequency, crest (peak), trough, amplitude and wave speed

Describe the forces between magnetic poles and between magnets and magnetic materials, including the use of the terms north pole (N pole), south pole (S pole), attraction and repulsion, magnetised and unmagnetised

Describe the formation of an optical image by a plane mirror and give its characteristics, i.e. same size, same distance from mirror, virtual

Describe the harmful effects on people of excessive exposure to electromagnetic radiation, including: (a) microwaves; internal heating of body cells (b) infrared; skin burns (c) ultraviolet; damage to surface cells and eyes, leading to skin cancer an

Describe the life cycle of a star: (a) a star is formed from interstellar clouds of gas and dust that contain hydrogen (b) a protostar is an interstellar cloud collapsing and increasing in temperature as a result of its internal gravitational attract

Describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves

Describe the moment of a force as a measure of its turning effect and give everyday examples

Describe the motion of objects falling in a uniform gravitational field with and without air/liquid resistance, including reference to terminal velocity

Describe the operation of an electric motor, including the action of a split-ring commutator and brushes

Describe the particle structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of the arrangement, separation and motion of the particles and represent these states using simple particle diagrams

Describe the passage of light through a transparent material (limited to the boundaries between two mediums only)

Describe the pattern and direction of magnetic field lines around a bar magnet

Describe the pattern and direction of the magnetic field due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids

Describe the plotting of magnetic field lines with a compass or iron filings and the use of a compass to determine the direction of the magnetic field

Describe the pressure and the changes in pressure of a gas in terms of the forces exerted by particles colliding with surfaces, creating a force per unit area

Describe the pressure and the changes in pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its particles and their collisions with a surface

Describe the processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion as the splitting or joining of nuclei, to include the nuclide equation and qualitative description of mass and energy changes without values

Describe the production of sound by vibrating sources

Describe the relationship between the motion of particles and temperature, including the idea that there is a lowest possible temperature (-273°C), known as absolute zero, where the particles have least kinetic energy

Describe the Solar System as containing: (a) one star, the Sun (b) the eight named planets and know their order from the Sun (c) minor planets that orbit the Sun, including dwarf planets such as Pluto and asteroids in the asteroid belt (d) moons, tha

Describe the structure of an atom in terms of a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons in orbit around the nucleus

Describe the use of a ripple tank to show: (a) reflection at a plane surface (b) refraction due to a change in speed caused by a change in depth (c) diffraction due to a gap (d) diffraction due to an edge

Describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass

Describe the use of converging and diverging lenses to correct long-sightedness and short-sightedness

Describe the use of optical fibres, particularly in telecommunications

Describe the use of transformers in high-voltage transmission of electricity

Describe the use of voltmeters (analogue and digital) with different ranges

Describe the uses of permanent magnets and electromagnets

Describe the uses of ultrasound in nondestructive testing of materials, medical scanning of soft tissue and sonar including calculation of depth or distance from time and wave speed

Describe typical uses of the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum including: (a) radio waves; radio and television transmissions, astronomy, radio frequency identification (RFID) (b) microwaves; satellite television, mobile phones (cell

Describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in ropes and springs, and by experiments using water waves

Describe, and use the concept of, weight as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass

Describe, in terms of particles, why thermal conduction is bad in gases and most liquids

Describe, qualitatively, how the pressure beneath the surface of a liquid changes with depth and density of the liquid

Describe, qualitatively, motion in a circular path due to a force perpendicular to the motion as: (a) speed increases if force increases, with mass and radius constant (b) radius decreases if force increases, with mass and speed constant (c) an incre

Describe, qualitatively, the effect of the position of the centre of gravity on the stability of simple objects

Describe, qualitatively, the thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases at constant pressure

Determine from given data or the shape of a speed-time graph when an object is moving with: (a) constant acceleration (b) changing acceleration

Determine the direction of the force on beams of charged particles in a magnetic field

Determine the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same straight line

Determine whether an object floats based on density data

Determine, qualitatively, from given data or the shape of a distance-time graph or speed-time graph when an object is: (a) at rest (b) moving with constant speed (c) accelerating (d) decelerating

Draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing cells, batteries, power supplies, generators, potential dividers, switches, resistors (fixed and variable), heaters, thermistors (NTC only), light-dependent resistors (LDRs), lamps, motors, bells, ammete

Draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing diodes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and know how these components behave in the circuit

Draw and use ray diagrams for the formation of a real image by a converging lens

Draw and use ray diagrams for the formation of a virtual image by a converging lens

Explain conduction in solids in terms of the movement of free (delocalised) electrons in metallic conductors

Explain convection in liquids and gases in terms of density changes and describe experiments to illustrate convection

Explain how the type of radiation emitted and the half-life of an isotope determine which isotope is used for applications including: (a) household fire (smoke) alarms (b) irradiating food to kill bacteria (c) sterilisation of equipment using gamma r

Explain safety precautions for all ionising radiation in terms of reducing exposure time, increasing distance between source and living tissue and using shielding to absorb radiation

Explain some of the basic everyday applications and consequences of conduction, convection and radiation, including: (a) heating objects such as kitchen pans (b) heating a room by convection

Explain some of the complex applications and consequences of conduction, convection and radiation where more than one type of thermal energy transfer is significant, including: (a) a fire burning wood or coal (b) a radiator in a car

Explain that charging of solids by friction involves only a transfer of negative charge (electrons)

Explain that magnetic forces are due to interactions between magnetic fields

Explain that the CMBR was produced shortly after the Universe was formed and that this radiation has been expanded into the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum as the Universe expanded

Explain that the sum of the currents into a junction is the same as the sum of the currents out of the junction

Explain the advantages of connecting lamps in parallel in a lighting circuit

Explain the benefits of digital signalling including increased rate of transmission of data and increased range due to accurate signal regeneration

Explain the cooling of an object in contact with an evaporating liquid

Explain the principle of operation of a simple iron-cored transformer

Explain the use and operation of trip switches and fuses and choose appropriate fuse ratings and trip switch settings

Explain their relative ionising effects with reference to: (a) kinetic energy (b) electric charge

Explain what is meant by an isotope and state that an element may have more than one isotope

Explain why the outer casing of an electrical appliance must be either non-conducting (double-insulated) or earthed

Explain, in terms of the motion and arrangement of particles, the relative order of magnitudes of the expansion of solids, liquids and gases as their temperatures rise

Identify alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) emissions from the nucleus by recalling: (a) their nature (b) their relative ionising effects (c) their relative penetrating abilities (β+ are not included, β-particles will be taken to refer to β−)

Know how atoms may form positive ions by losing electrons or form negative ions by gaining electrons

Know how the temperature of the Earth is affected by factors controlling the balance between incoming radiation and radiation emitted from the Earth's surface

Know how to construct and use series and parallel circuits

Know that a conductor moving across a magnetic field or a changing magnetic field linking with a conductor can induce an e.m.f. in the conductor

Know that a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field may experience a turning effect and that the turning effect is increased by increasing: (a) the number of turns on the coil (b) the current (c) the strength of the magnetic field

Know that a deceleration is a negative acceleration and use this in calculations

Know that a mains circuit consists of a live wire (line wire), a neutral wire and an earth wire and explain why a switch must be connected to the live wire for the circuit to be switched off safely

Know that a medium is needed to transmit sound waves

Know that a rise in the temperature of an object increases its internal energy

Know that a sound can be transmitted as a digital or analogue signal

Know that a β-particle is a high-speed electron emitted from the nucleus, formed when a neutron changes into a proton and an electron and a reduction in the number of excess neutrons; the following change in the nucleus occurs during β-emission neutr

Know that all electromagnetic waves travel at the same high speed in a vacuum

Know that an object in an elliptical orbit travels faster when closer to the Sun and explain this using the conservation of energy

Know that communication with artificial satellites is mainly by microwaves: (a) some satellite phones use low orbit artificial satellites (b) some satellite phones and direct broadcast satellite television use geostationary satellites

Know that convection is an important method of thermal energy transfer in liquids and gases

Know that e.m.f. is measured in volts (V)

Know that electric current is related to the flow of charge

Know that electrical energy is transferred to heat energy and other forms of energy in the resistor, or other circuit components, and then into the surroundings

Know that energy is released by nuclear fusion in the Sun

Know that for a longitudinal wave, the direction of vibration is parallel to the direction of propagation and understand that sound waves and seismic P-waves (primary) can be modelled as longitudinal

Know that for a transverse wave, the direction of vibration is at right angles to the direction of propagation and understand that electromagnetic radiation, water waves and seismic S-waves (secondary) can be modeled as transverse

Know that for an object to be at a constant temperature it needs to transfer energy away from the object at the same rate that it receives energy

Know that forces may produce changes in the size and shape of an object

Know that friction (drag) acts on an object moving through a gas (e.g. air resistance)

Know that friction (drag) acts on an object moving through a liquid

Know that ionising nuclear radiation can be measured using a detector connected to a counter

Know that isotopes of an element may be radioactive due to an excess of neutrons in the nucleus and/or the nucleus being too heavy

Know that it takes approximately one month for the Moon to orbit the Earth and use this to explain the periodic nature of the Moon's cycle of phases

Know that many important systems of communications rely on electromagnetic radiation including: (a) mobile phones (cell phones) and wireless internet use microwaves because microwaves can penetrate some walls and only require a short aerial for trans

Know that microscopic particles may be moved by collisions with light fast-moving molecules and correctly use the terms atoms or molecules as distinct from microscopic particles

Know that microwave radiation of a specific frequency is observed at all points in space around us and is known as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)

Know that one light-year is equal to 9.5 × 10^15 m

Know that planets, minor planets and comets have elliptical orbits, and recall that the Sun is not at the centre of the elliptical orbit, except when the orbit is approximately circular

Know that radiation from the Sun is the main source of energy for all our energy resources except geothermal, nuclear and tidal

Know that radioactive decay is a change in an unstable nucleus that can result in the emission of α-particles or β-particles and/or γ-radiation and know that these changes are spontaneous and random

Know that redshift in the light from distant galaxies is evidence that the Universe is expanding and supports the Big Bang Theory

Know that research is being carried out to investigate how energy released by nuclear fusion can be used to produce electrical energy on a large scale

Know that stars are powered by nuclear reactions that release energy and that in stable stars the nuclear reactions involve the fusion of hydrogen into helium

Know that the acceleration of free fall for an object near to the Earth is approximately constant and that this is equivalent to the acceleration of free fall

Know that the current at every point in a series circuit is the same

Know that the current estimate for H_0 is 2.2 × 10^-18 per second

Know that the direction of an induced e.m.f. opposes the change causing it

Know that the distance d of a far galaxy can be determined using the brightness of a supernova in that galaxy

Know that the Earth is a planet that rotates on its axis, which is tilted, once in approximately 24 hours, and use this to explain observations of the apparent daily motion of the Sun and the periodic cycle of day and night

Know that the Earth orbits the Sun once in approximately 365 days and use this to explain the periodic nature of the seasons

Know that the equation d / v = 1 / H_0 represents an estimate for the age of the Universe and that this is evidence for the idea that all the matter in the Universe was present at a single point

Know that the force that keeps an object in orbit around the Sun is the gravitational attraction of the Sun

Know that the forces and distances between particles (atoms, molecules, ions and electrons) and the motion of the particles affects the properties of solids, liquids and gases

Know that the light emitted from distant galaxies appears redshifted in comparison with light emitted on the Earth

Know that the Milky Way is one of many billions of galaxies making up the Universe and that the diameter of the Milky Way is approximately 100000 light-years

Know that the p.d. across an electrical conductor increases as its resistance increases for a constant current

Know that the p.d. between two points is measured in volts (V)

Know that the random motion of microscopic particles in a suspension is evidence for the kinetic particle model of matter

Know that the relative strength of a magnetic field is represented by the spacing of the magnetic field lines

Know that the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is 3.0 × 10^8 m/s and is approximately the same in air

Know that the speed of sound in air is approximately 330-350 m/s

Know that the speed v at which a galaxy is moving away from the Earth can be found from the change in wavelength of the galaxy's starlight due to redshift

Know that the strength of the gravitational field (a) at the surface of a planet depends on the mass of the planet (b) around a planet decreases as the distance from the planet increases

Know that the strength of the Sun's gravitational field decreases and that the orbital speeds of the planets decrease as the distance from the Sun increases

Know that the Sun contains most of the mass of the Solar System and this explains why the planets orbit the Sun

Know that the Sun is a star of medium size, consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium, and that it radiates most of its energy in the infrared, visible light and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum

Know that there are many solids that conduct thermal energy better than thermal insulators but do so less well than good thermal conductors

Know that thermal energy transfer by thermal radiation does not require a medium

Know that thermal radiation is infrared radiation and that all objects emit this radiation

Know that waves transfer energy without transferring matter

Know that weights (and masses) may be compared using a balance

Know that, in comparison to each other, the four planets nearest the Sun are rocky and small and the four planets furthest from the Sun are gaseous and large, and explain this difference by referring to an accretion model for Solar System formation,

Know that, in general, sound travels faster in solids than in liquids and faster in liquids than in gases

Know the difference between a digital and analogue signal

Know the difference between direct current (d.c.) and alternating current (a.c.)

Know the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases

Know the main regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of frequency and in order of wavelength

Know the melting and boiling temperatures for water at standard atmospheric pressure

Know the principle of the conservation of energy and apply this principle to complex examples involving multiple stages, including the interpretation of Sankey diagrams

Know the principle of the conservation of energy and apply this principle to simple examples including the interpretation of simple flow diagrams

Know the relationship between the nucleon number and the relative mass of a nucleus

Know the relationship between the proton number and the relative charge on a nucleus

Know the sources that make a significant contribution to background radiation including: (a) radon gas (in the air) (b) rocks and buildings (c) food and drink (d) cosmic rays

Know the terms for the changes in state between solids, liquids and gases (gas to solid and solid to gas transfers are not required)

Know the traditional seven colours of the visible spectrum in order of frequency and in order of wavelength

Know what happens to an object if the rate at which it receives energy is less or more than the rate at which it transfers energy away from the object

Know what is meant by background radiation

Recall and use a simple electron model to explain the difference between electrical conductors and insulators and give typical examples

Recall and use in calculations, the fact that: (a) the sum of the currents entering a junction in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the currents that leave the junction (b) the total p.d. across the components in a series circuit is equal to

Recall and use the equation average speed = total distance travelled / total time taken

Recall and use the equation F = m a and know that the force and the acceleration are in the same direction

Recall and use the equation for 100% efficiency in a transformer I_p V_p = I_s V_s where p and s refer to primary and secondary

Recall and use the equation for e.m.f. E = W / Q

Recall and use the equation for electrical energy E = I V t

Recall and use the equation for electrical power P = I V

Recall and use the equation for kinetic energy E_k = ½ m v^2

Recall and use the equation for mechanical working W = F d = ΔE

Recall and use the equation for p.d. V = W / Q

Recall and use the equation for resistance R = V / I

Recall and use the equation for the change in gravitational potential energy ΔE_p = m g Δh

Recall and use the equation for the change in pressure beneath the surface of a liquid Δp = ρ g Δh

Recall and use the equation for two resistors used as a potential divider R_1 / R_2 = V_1 / V_2

Recall and use the equation for wave speed v = f λ

Recall and use the equation n = 1 / sin c

Recall and use the equation n = sin i / sin r

Recall and use the equation P = I^2 R to explain why power losses in cables are smaller when the voltage is greater

Recall and use the equation p V = constant for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, including a graphical representation of this relationship

Recall and use the equation V_p / V_s = N_p / N_s where p and s refer to primary and secondary

Recall and use the following relationship for a metallic electrical conductor: (a) resistance is directly proportional to length (b) resistance is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area

Recall and use the relative directions of force, magnetic field and current

Recall that visible light of a single frequency is described as monochromatic

Relate the temperature of a gas to the average kinetic energy of the particles; recall and use the equation T (in K) = θ (in °C) + 273

Sketch and explain the current-voltage graphs for a resistor of constant resistance, a filament lamp and a diode

Sketch and interpret graphs of e.m.f. against time for simple a.c. generators and relate the position of the generator coil to the peaks, troughs and zeros of the e.m.f.

Sketch, plot and interpret distance-time and speed-time graphs

Sketch, plot and interpret load-extension graphs for an elastic solid and describe the associated experimental procedures

State and use the relative directions of force, field and induced current

State that a fuse without an earth wire protects the circuit and the cabling for a double-insulated appliance

State that charge is measured in coulombs

State that conventional current is from positive to negative and that the flow of free electrons is from negative to positive

State that during α-decay or β-decay, the nucleus changes to that of a different element

State that energy may be stored as kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic (strain), nuclear, electrostatic and internal (thermal)

State that for reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection; recall and use this relationship

State that positive charges repel other positive charges, negative charges repel other negative charges, but positive charges attract negative charges

State that the combined resistance of resistors in parallel is less than that of any single resistor in that circuit

State that the direction of a magnetic field at a point is the direction of the force on the N pole of a magnet at that point

State that the direction of an electric field at a point is the direction of the force on a positive charge at that point

State that there are positive and negative charges

State that, for a parallel circuit, the current from the source is larger than the current in each branch

State that, when there is no resultant force and no resultant moment, an object is in equilibrium

State that: (a) galaxies are each made up of many billions of stars (b) the Sun is a star in the galaxy known as the Milky Way (c) other stars that make up the Milky Way are much further away from the Earth than the Sun is from the Earth (d) astronom

State the advantages of high-voltage transmission

State the approximate range of frequencies audible to humans as 20 Hz to 20000 Hz

State the differences between the properties of temporary magnets (made of soft iron) and the properties of permanent magnets (made of steel)

State the effects of ionising nuclear radiations on living things, including cell death, mutations and cancer

State the factors affecting the magnitude of an induced e.m.f.

State the hazards of: (a) damaged insulation (b) overheating cables (c) damp conditions (d) excess current from overloading of plugs, extension leads, single and multiple sockets when using a mains supply

State the meaning of critical angle

State the qualitative variation of the strength of the magnetic field around straight wires and solenoids

State the relative charges of protons, neutrons and electrons as +1, 0 and -1 respectively

State what is meant by centre of gravity

State, qualitatively, the relationship of the resistance of a metallic wire to its length and to its cross-sectional area

Understand that mechanical or electrical work done is equal to the energy transferred

Understand, qualitatively, the concept of efficiency of energy transfer

Use count rate measured in counts/s or counts/minute

Use decay equations, using nuclide notation, to show the emission of α-particles, β-particles and γ-radiation

Use measurements of background radiation to determine a corrected count rate

Use simple constructions, measurements and calculations for reflection by plane mirrors

Use the nuclide notation _Z^A X

Use the terms primary, secondary, step-up and step-down