1.1 Were the Revolutions of 1848 important?

1.2 How was Italy unified?

1.3 How was Germany unified?

1.4 Why was there a civil war in the United States and what were its results?

1.5 Why, and with what effects, did Europeans expand their overseas empires in the nineteenth century?

1.6 What caused the First World War?

2.1 Were the peace treaties of 1919–23 fair?

2.2 To what extent was the League of Nations a success?

2.3 Why had international peace collapsed by 1939?

2.4 Who was to blame for the Cold War?

2.5 How effectively did the United States contain the spread of Communism?

2.6 How secure was the USSR’s control over Eastern Europe, 1948–c.1989?

2.7 Why did events in the Gulf matter, c.1970–2000?

3.1 The First World War, 1914–18

3.2 Germany, 1918–45

3.3 Russia, 1905–41

3.4 The United States, 1919–41

3.5 China, c.1930–c.1990

3.6 South Africa, c.1940–c.1994

Demonstrate an ability to analyse and evaluate historical sources to show knowledge and understanding of history.

Demonstrate an ability to recall, select, use and communicate knowledge and understanding of history.

Demonstrate an understanding of the complexity of historical concepts including cause and consequence, change and continuity, similarity and difference.

Develop skills of analysis, evaluation and communication relevant to the interpretation of history.