Characteristics of a Robot

Robots are increasingly prevalent in various industries and our daily lives. Understanding their core characteristics is fundamental in computer science. This section outlines the key features that define a robot.

Physical Characteristics

Robots exhibit a range of physical attributes, designed to facilitate their interaction with the environment. These characteristics vary greatly depending on the robot's intended purpose.

• Structure/Body: Robots have a physical structure, often comprising a frame or chassis. This provides support and houses the robot's components.
• Actuators: These are the mechanisms that enable movement. Common types include:
  • Motors: Electric motors are frequently used to generate rotational motion, which can be converted to linear motion via gears or other mechanisms.
  • Pneumatics: Compressed air is used to power cylinders and actuators, providing strong and rapid movements.
  • Hydraulics: Similar to pneumatics, but uses fluids under pressure for greater force.
• Sensors: Robots utilize sensors to perceive their surroundings. These can be:
  • Proximity Sensors: Detect the presence of nearby objects.
  • Light Sensors: Measure light intensity.
  • Sound Sensors: Detect sound waves.
  • Touch Sensors: Detect physical contact.
  • Vision Systems (Cameras): Capture visual information.
  • Force/Torque Sensors: Measure applied forces and torques.
• End Effectors: These are tools attached to the robot's arm or body, enabling it to perform specific tasks. Examples include grippers, welding torches, and paint sprayers.

Functional Characteristics

Beyond their physical form, robots possess specific functional capabilities that define their operation.

• Programmability: Robots are controlled by computer programs, allowing them to perform a variety of tasks. The programs dictate the robot's actions and responses to sensor input.
• Autonomy: The degree to which a robot can operate independently without direct human control. This ranges from simple pre-programmed routines to complex AI-driven decision-making.
• Navigation: The ability to move within an environment, avoiding obstacles and reaching desired locations. This often involves using sensors and algorithms for path planning.
• Manipulation: The capacity to grasp, move, and interact with objects. This requires sophisticated control systems and often specialized end effectors.
• Communication: Robots can communicate with other robots, computers, or humans, enabling coordinated actions and data exchange.

Types of Robots

Robots can be broadly classified based on their application and capabilities. A table summarizing some common types is provided below.

The characteristics of a robot are constantly evolving with advancements in technology, particularly in areas like artificial intelligence, sensor technology, and materials science.