Action to be taken when hazards are identified or when accidents occur in a school workshop or practical area.

Basic principles of manual, semi-automatic and automatic control using input, output, feedback and amplification.

Commercial manufacturing systems, including: concurrent engineering, computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) and computer-integrated engineering (CIE), cell production, in-line assembly, just in time (JIT), logistics.

Comparison of the main sources of energy.

Continuous improvement processes, such as Kaizen™.

Cutting, shaping and forming of materials using appropriate tools and methods.

Developments (nets), including glue tabs and mechanical joining methods, required to form: prisms, cones, cylinders, pyramids.

Different approaches to designing, including: iterative design, intuitive design.

Different forms of energy, including: kinetic, potential, thermal, electrical, chemical.

Electronic components and symbols used in control systems.

Enhancement techniques, including: the use of tone and colour, material representation, the use of shadows.

Fabrication.

Factors that are considered when designing products to have minimum impact on the environment: raw material extraction, energy consumption, ease of repair and maintenance, disposal at the end of life.

First and third angle orthographic working drawings, including: use of scales, dimensioning, symbols and conventions, e.g. BS 308 or BS 8888, part drawings, sectional views.

Forming: blow moulding (from a pre-form and extrusion), steam bending, laminating, press forming, spinning.

How aesthetics is concerned with the visual appearance of a product.

How and why businesses target customers by: demographics, socio-economic background.

How digital technology is used in the design and development, manufacturing, marketing and sale of products.

How ergonomics is concerned with understanding how humans interact with environments, products and systems.

How materials are enhanced through processes and additives, including: metal enhancement (work hardening, annealing, case hardening, hardening and tempering), polymer additives (plasticisers, pigment, fillers, anti-static, flame retardants, stabilise

How products can be inclusive or exclusive in their design and can be used by a wide range of users, including: those with particular needs (such as people who are visually impaired or hearing impaired or who have physical support needs or neurodiver

How similar and dissimilar materials are joined: permanently (with nails and pins, by heat (soldering, brazing and welding), with adhesives - spray mount, hot melt glue, polystyrene cement, PVA (polyvinyl acetate), all-purpose glue, two-part epoxy re

How technology-based systems are used by designers, manufacturers, retailers and consumers.

Improvements to a manufacturing system, including the use of templates to mark out shapes repeatedly and jigs and formers used to make a product.

Joining and assembling materials using a range of temporary and permanent methods.

Main sources of energy: fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal (finite), water, wind and solar (renewable).

Measuring and/or marking out from working drawings and using tools and methods appropriate to the materials.

Physical tests to determine the suitability of materials and components for the application of a finish.

Planning drawings, including: flowcharts, Gantt charts, materials or cutting lists.

Practical and efficient methods of conversion and transmission of energy through simple mechanisms, machines, engines, turbines and electric motors.

Presentation techniques: freehand sketching, including exploded and sectional views (cut-away) drawings/sketches, accurate isometric drawings, including the construction of arcs and circles, estimated one- and two-point perspective drawings, accurate

Product testing methods that can be used before or during the manufacturing of products, such as: material testing, dimensional checks, joining/assembly checks, visual checks.

Quality assurance (QA) checks to be used in the production of a product. (Quality assurance checks are made at every stage of the production process to meet the quality standards set.)

Quality control (QC) checks to be used on a made product. (Quality control checks are made to a finished product to see if it meets the quality standards set.)

Redistribution methods: sand, resin and die casting, injection moulding, extrusion, rotational moulding, compression moulding, 3D printing.

Safe working practices in a school workshop or practical area, including: wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for the relevant machine or process such as goggles, visor, face mask, gloves, apron or lab coat, tying long hair back a

Safe working practices, including identifying hazards and making risk assessments.

Selecting and applying a finish which is appropriate for the material used and the product design.

Shaping: die cutting, creasing and folding, turning (wood and metal lathes), calendering, plasma cutting.

Standard risk assessment procedures in product design and manufacture.

Strategies to evaluate how well a manufacturing system has worked.

Technological developments and how they can affect the design and manufacture of products.

The advantages and disadvantages of different methods of CAM production.

The advantages and disadvantages of product extension strategies, such as: discounting, updating packaging, adding more features.

The advantages and disadvantages of the colour separation method during printing.

The advantages and disadvantages to a designer or manufacturer of using these types of software programs and the appropriateness of their use.

The advantages and disadvantages to a designer or manufacturer when using a range of digital communication methods to design and manufacture products, including: email, web conferencing, collaborative working through technology, radio frequency ident

The advantages/disadvantages of applying finishes to a material to improve: performance, aesthetics.

The advantages/disadvantages of hand and automated production systems used in manufacturing products.

The analysis of products in terms of: function, aesthetics, ergonomics, types and properties of materials, production processes, target market/customers, cost, safety of the user, quality control (including standards such as use of non-toxic paints o

The appreciation of the effects of light and shade on solid forms and of different surface finishes on visual and tactile senses.

The balance of form and function.

The benefits of introducing Total Quality Management (TQM) to a production process. (Total Quality Management involves applying quality assurance procedures at every stage of the production process.)

The benefits of quality systems to the manufacturer and the consumer.

The common anthropometric measurements, including weight, height, knee height, sitting height, body mass index (BMI), body circumference (arm, waist, hip and calf) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR).

The concept of good design. A good design: always meets the needs, wants or values of the user(s), is innovative, is simple (less is more), is aesthetic/visually pleasing, is long lasting, is environmentally friendly, is safe to use, makes the produc

The CYMK colour separation method.

The design of a manufacturing system, including jigs and formers, to be used to make a product in quantity.

The differences between a: model, prototype, marketable product.

The differences between individual (one-off), batch and mass production systems and how each impact on the: product, people involved, resources and costs.

The different methods of CAM which can be used when constructing products and the common uses for such methods, including: digital printing, vinyl cutting, laser cutting, 3D printing (stereolithography and fused deposition).

The different methods of printing and common applications for these methods, including: offset lithography, flexography, gravure, sublimation printing, pad printing.

The different software programs that are available to designers and manufacturers to design and develop products, including: desktop publishing software, photo manipulation software, technical drawing software, 3D modelling software.

The elements of the marketing mix (4Ps): price, product, promotion, place.

The impact design and technology activities have on: individuals, groups of people, e.g. by geographic location, religion or ethnicity, society and culture.

The impact of the following emerging technologies on designing and making: rapid prototyping, including 3D printing, rapid manufacture, robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR).

The impact of the following on the design of new products: scale of production (individual (one-off), batch and mass production), production processes, costs (material costs and production costs), changing customer requirements, social and cultural c

The importance of identifying and satisfying consumer needs, to provide a product that customers will buy.

The influence of the following design movements on the design of products: Art Deco, Arts and Crafts, Bauhaus, Scandinavian, Minimalism, Modernism, Postmodernism.

The interpretation and application of anthropometric data to design development.

The key stages in design thinking: empathise: research your users’ needs, define: state your users’ needs and problems, ideate: challenge assumptions and create ideas, refine: develop ideas through an iterative process, realise: start to create solut

The key stages in the design process: identifying an original design need or how an existing product can be improved, preparing a design brief that accurately describes a design need, finding, gathering and analysing information relevant to a design

The organisations that are responsible for quality standards within the candidate’s country such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

The preparation of a design brief for a marketable product.

The preparation of a manufacturing specification used to make a product in quantity.

The principal features of CAM (computer-aided manufacture), particularly in the control/operation of machines.

The production processes used in a manufacturing industry.

The purpose of market research relating to: demand, competition, target market.

The quality standards concerned with testing products, components and materials against external quality standards, e.g. ISO 9013 (thermal cutting) or ISO 34257 (wood adhesives).

The range of service sectors in design and manufacturing industries, including: extraction of raw materials, design and development, manufacturing, marketing and sales, repair and maintenance.

The relationship between the scale of production and unit cost.

The responsibilities of designers and manufacturers in ensuring products and packaging are made from sustainable materials and components.

The roles of a designer, manufacturer and consumer.

The roles of different workers within a manufacturing industry.

The significance of the following material properties in terms of use as part of a product: hardness, ductility, toughness, brittleness, elasticity, malleability, dimensional stability, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, corrosion resista

The stages in a product’s life cycle: research and development, introduction, growth, maturity, decline.

The terms invention, innovation and evolution.

The types of market research methods, such as: surveys/questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, customer observation.

The use of a product extension strategy when a product enters its decline stage.

The use of CAD (computer-aided design) for the storage and retrieval of data and the manipulation of images to aid design, production and management.

The use of digital technology to communicate, including: common software packages, e.g. Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, Adobe® Acrobat Pro, email, collaboration software, e.g. Microsoft Teams and Miro, video conferencing.

The use of line, colour, shape, proportion and form to improve visual appearance.

The use of the following processing techniques: wastage (cutting with hand and machine tools, including laser cutter, vinyl cutting machine, drilling, using hand, powered and press drills, turning, using a wood lathe and centre lathe, milling and rou

The working properties, common uses and environmental impact of the following biodegradable materials: polylactide (PLA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), e.g. BIOPOL®, plastic made from corn/potato starch.

The working properties, common uses and environmental impact of the following modern materials: nanomaterials (oleophobic coatings, hydrophobic materials), metal foams, super alloys, bioplastics (starch-based, sugar-based, cellulose-based).

The working properties, common uses and environmental impact of the following smart materials: pigments (phosphorescent, photochromic, thermochromic), shape memory alloys (SMA) (nickel-titanium, copper-aluminium-nickel), hydrogels, shape memory polym

The working properties, stock forms and sizes, common uses and environmental impact of the following composite materials: foam core/foam board, foil backed and laminated card, e.g. Tetra Pak®, manufactured boards (chipboard, engineered wood, medium d

The working properties, stock forms and sizes, common uses and environmental impact of the following modelling materials: extruded polystyrene foam, e.g. Styrofoam™, balsa wood, polymorph, plaster of Paris.

The working properties, stock forms and sizes, common uses and environmental impact of the following papers and boards: copier paper, card, corrugated card, bleached card, mount board, duplex card, moulded paper pulp.

The working properties, stock forms and sizes, common uses and environmental impact of the following woods: softwoods (pine, cedar, fir, spruce or equivalent local softwood), hardwoods (beech, oak, ash, teak or equivalent local hardwood).

The working properties, stock forms, sizes and extrusions, common uses and environmental impact of the following metals: ferrous metals (cast iron, mild steel, stainless steel, high speed steel, carbon steels), non-ferrous metals and their alloys (al

The working properties, stock forms, sizes and extrusions, common uses and environmental impact of the following polymers: thermoplastics (acrylic (PMMA), nylon, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), high and low density pol

Types of finish and methods of application, including: embossing/debossing paper and card, UV varnishing/spot varnishing on paper and card, hot foil blocking on paper and card, paints, sealants, varnishes, anodising, plating, coating.

Wasting: CNC milling, stamping.

Ways to modify designs to make them more sustainable, including: reducing the quantity of materials used, reducing the number of manufacturing processes, designing products that can be easily repaired, using standardised components, making products e