Research, Analysis and Evaluation

Objective: Identify and analyse arguments, evidence and perspectives

1. Identifying Arguments

An argument is a set of statements, one of which is the conclusion, and the others are premises that provide support for the conclusion. In research, identifying arguments involves understanding the main points being made and the reasoning used to support them.

• Identifying the claim: What is the main point the author is trying to make?
• Identifying the premises: What reasons or evidence are provided to support the claim?
• Identifying the logical structure: How are the premises connected to the claim? (e.g., deduction, induction)

2. Analysing Evidence

Evidence is information used to support an argument. Analysing evidence involves evaluating its relevance, reliability, and strength.

• Relevance: Does the evidence directly relate to the argument?
• Reliability: Is the source of the evidence trustworthy and credible? Consider factors like author expertise, publication venue, and potential bias.
• Strength: How strong is the evidence? Is it based on solid data, rigorous research, or anecdotal information?
• Types of Evidence:
  • Quantitative data: Numerical data (e.g., statistics, graphs).
  • Qualitative data: Descriptive data (e.g., interviews, case studies, observations).
  • Historical evidence: Past events and information.
  • Contemporary evidence: Current events and information.

3. Exploring Perspectives

Different people and groups may have different perspectives on an issue, shaped by their experiences, values, and beliefs. Understanding these perspectives is crucial for a comprehensive analysis.

• Identifying different viewpoints: Who are the stakeholders involved? What are their interests and values?
• Understanding underlying assumptions: What beliefs or values are shaping each perspective?
• Considering potential biases: How might personal biases or cultural influences affect a particular perspective?
• Recognising power dynamics: How might power imbalances influence the expression and reception of different perspectives?

4. Evaluating Arguments, Evidence and Perspectives

Evaluation involves making judgments about the quality and validity of arguments, evidence, and perspectives.

Criteria	Questions to ask
Logic and Reasoning	Is the argument logically sound? Are there any fallacies in the reasoning?
Evidence Quality	Is the evidence relevant, reliable, and strong? Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim?
Perspective Validity	Is the perspective well-reasoned and supported by evidence? Does it consider alternative viewpoints?
Bias and Objectivity	Is there any evidence of bias in the argument, evidence, or perspective? Is the information presented objectively?

5. Applying Research Skills

Effective research involves a systematic approach to gathering, analysing, and evaluating information.

1. Formulating a research question: What do you want to find out?
2. Identifying relevant sources: Where can you find reliable information?
3. Evaluating sources: Are the sources credible and trustworthy?
4. Organising information: How can you structure your findings?
5. Synthesising information: How can you combine different pieces of information to form a coherent understanding?
6. Presenting findings: How can you communicate your findings effectively?