To redesign packaging for an electronic device to be visually attractive and communicative, the designer must carefully consider the interplay of line, colour, shape, proportion, and form. The goal is to create a package that immediately captures attention and conveys key information effectively.

• Line: Use strong, clear lines to create a sense of modernity and technological advancement. Consider using diagonal lines to suggest speed and dynamism, or horizontal lines to convey stability and reliability. Lines can also be used to highlight key features or product benefits.
• Colour: Colour palettes should reflect the brand identity and the product's function. For a cutting-edge device, cool colours like blues and silvers might be appropriate. Consider using colour gradients to create a sense of depth and sophistication. Use colour to differentiate between product features or highlight important information.
• Shape: The shape of the packaging should be distinctive and memorable. Consider using unconventional shapes to stand out on the shelf. The shape should also be functional, providing adequate protection for the product. A sleek, minimalist shape can convey a sense of premium quality.
• Proportion: Maintain balanced proportions between the product image, text, and other design elements. Ensure that the product image is prominent and visually appealing. Use hierarchy to guide the viewer's eye to the most important information.
• Form: The physical form of the packaging can enhance the perceived value of the product. Consider using textured materials or embossing to create a tactile experience. The form should be easy to handle and open. A well-designed form can also contribute to the overall brand experience.

Example: For a high-end smartphone, the packaging might feature sleek, minimalist lines in silver and black, a rectangular shape with rounded corners, carefully considered proportions to emphasize the phone's design, and a textured finish to convey premium quality. A subtle gradient might be used to create a sense of depth and sophistication.

In a dimly lit environment, the designer's primary goal is to maximize the effectiveness of the light source while also creating a visually appealing product. This requires careful consideration of both light diffusion and the interaction of light with the surface finishes.

Light Diffusion: The lamp's shade should be designed to diffuse the light evenly, avoiding harsh glare and creating a comfortable reading environment. Materials like frosted glass, translucent plastics, or textured fabrics are ideal for this purpose. The shape of the shade also plays a role; a wider shade will distribute light over a larger area, while a narrower shade will focus the light on a specific point.

Surface Finishes: Surface finishes should be chosen to complement the diffused light. Matte finishes are particularly effective in dimly lit environments as they minimize reflections and reduce eye strain. A matte shade will allow the diffused light to spread evenly without creating distracting glare. The base of the lamp could feature a subtly textured or slightly reflective surface to catch the light and add visual interest without overpowering the main light source. A brushed metal base, for example, would provide a subtle contrast to a matte shade.

Form and Shadow: The lamp's form can also be used to enhance the visual appeal in low light. Strategic use of shadows can create depth and dimension, making the lamp more visually interesting. For example, a lamp with a sculpted base or a layered shade will cast interesting shadows that add to the overall aesthetic.

Example: A bedside lamp with a frosted glass shade and a matte ceramic base would be well-suited for a dimly lit environment. The frosted glass would diffuse the light, creating a soft, comfortable glow, while the matte ceramic base would provide a subtle contrast and prevent glare. The shape of the base could also be designed to cast interesting shadows on the surrounding wall.

(a) Ergonomics is the science of designing products and systems to fit the human body and capabilities. Anthropometric data is fundamental to ergonomics because it provides the necessary information to design products that are comfortable, safe, and easy to use. By understanding the dimensions and proportions of the human body, designers can create products that minimize strain, reduce fatigue, and prevent injuries.

(b) Three specific design features of the car seat informed by anthropometric data are:

(c) While anthropometric data is essential, it has limitations when designing a car seat. It primarily addresses physical fit and comfort but doesn't account for:

• Individual Preferences: People have different preferences for comfort and support.
• Psychological Factors: Emotional comfort and perceived safety also play a role in user satisfaction.
• Safety Regulations: Car seat design must comply with safety regulations, which may impose constraints on certain design features.
• Manufacturing Constraints: Practical limitations in manufacturing processes can also influence design choices.

Therefore, a holistic design approach should consider anthropometric data alongside user testing, psychological factors, safety regulations, and manufacturing constraints to create a truly effective and user-friendly car seat.