Resources | Subject Notes | Physics
In electrical circuits, voltage is provided by sources such as batteries. When multiple voltage sources are connected in series, their voltages add up. This combined voltage is known as the combined electromotive force (e.m.f.). This section will explain how to calculate the combined e.m.f. of multiple sources in series.
In a series circuit, components are connected one after the other, forming a single path for the current. The current through each component is the same. When voltage sources are connected in series, the total voltage is the algebraic sum of the individual e.m.f. values.
When $n$ voltage sources are connected in series, the total e.m.f. ($V_{total}$) is calculated by adding the e.m.f. of each individual source:
$$V_{total} = V_1 + V_2 + V_3 + ... + V_n$$
Where:
Consider three batteries connected in series. The e.m.f. values of these batteries are 9V, 12V, and 18V respectively. Calculate the total e.m.f. of the series combination.
Therefore, the total e.m.f. of the series combination is 39V.
Concept | Description |
---|---|
Series Circuit | Components connected end-to-end, providing a single path for current. |
Combined e.m.f. (Series) | The total voltage produced when multiple voltage sources are connected in series. Calculated by adding the individual e.m.f. values. |
Formula (Series) | $$V_{total} = V_1 + V_2 + V_3 + ... + V_n$$ |
When voltage sources are connected in series, the total e.m.f. is the sum of the individual e.m.f. values. The polarity of the voltage sources must be considered to ensure correct addition.