Use the terms primary, secondary, step-up and step-down

Transformer

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. It typically consists of two or more coils of wire wound around a common ferromagnetic core.

Key Terms

Primary Coil

The primary coil is the coil connected to the source of alternating current (AC) power.

Secondary Coil

The secondary coil is the coil where the transformed AC voltage is induced.

Step-Up Transformer

A step-up transformer has more turns in the secondary coil than in the primary coil. It increases the voltage.

Step-Down Transformer

A step-down transformer has fewer turns in the secondary coil than in the primary coil. It decreases the voltage.

How a Transformer Works

A transformer works based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When an alternating current flows through the primary coil, it creates a changing magnetic field in the core. This changing magnetic field then induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil.

Relationship between Turns and Voltage

The ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil (N_p) to the number of turns in the secondary coil (N_s) is directly proportional to the ratio of the primary voltage (V_p) to the secondary voltage (V_s):

$$\frac{V_s}{V_p} = \frac{N_s}{N_p}$$

This relationship explains how transformers can step up or step down voltage.

Step-Up Transformers

In a step-up transformer, the secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil (N_s > N_p). This results in the secondary voltage being higher than the primary voltage.

The current in the secondary coil will be lower than the current in the primary coil (assuming the power in the primary and secondary circuits are equal).

Step-Down Transformers

In a step-down transformer, the secondary coil has fewer turns than the primary coil (N_s < N_p). This results in the secondary voltage being lower than the primary voltage.

The current in the secondary coil will be higher than the current in the primary coil (assuming the power in the primary and secondary circuits are equal).

Transformer Specifications

Specification	Description
Turns Ratio	The ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil to the number of turns in the secondary coil (N_p/N_s).
Input Voltage	The voltage supplied to the primary coil.
Output Voltage	The voltage induced in the secondary coil.
Input Current	The current flowing in the primary coil.
Output Current	The current flowing in the secondary coil.
Power	The rate at which energy is transferred. Ideally, the input power equals the output power (ignoring losses).

Suggested diagram: A simple block diagram showing a transformer with labeled primary and secondary coils, and arrows indicating the flow of magnetic flux.