Hydrology, river processes and hazards - The drainage basin system: concept, movement of water, characteristics, discharge relationships and hydrographs

Hydrology, river processes and hazards - River channel processes and landforms: erosion, transport, deposition, flow patterns, landform formation

Hydrology, river processes and hazards - River flood hazards and impacts: causes, impacts, management strategies and specific examples

Atmospheric processes and global climate change - Energy budgets: systems, global and seasonal variations, transfers, diurnal changes

Atmospheric processes and global climate change - Weather processes and phenomena: moisture processes, causes and types of precipitation

Atmospheric processes and global climate change - Global warming and climate change: evidence, causes, greenhouse gases, physical and human factors

Earth processes and mass movements - Plate tectonics: types of plates, movement, evidence, plate boundaries

Earth processes and mass movements - Tectonic processes and landforms: processes and resulting landforms

Earth processes and mass movements - Mass movement hazards and impacts: types, causes, management strategies and examples

Population and migration - Global population: distribution, density, growth trends, components of change

Population and migration - Population structure: components, changes, demographic transition model, youthful and ageing populations, policies

Population and migration - Migration: types, causes, impacts, detailed examples

Water resources and management - Global water resources: patterns, human water cycle, trends in consumption

Water resources and management - Factors influencing water resources: supply, demand, security

Water resources and management - Management of water resources: increasing supply, managing demand, challenges, detailed examples

Urban areas and management - Urban growth: processes, causes, consequences, hierarchy, primate and world cities

Urban areas and management - Urban structure and change: factors, changing location of activities, residential zonation

Urban areas and management - Sustainable urban development: challenges, issues, strategies, examples

Tropical environments - Climates: distribution, characteristics, reasons for distribution

Tropical environments - Processes and landforms: weathering, granite and limestone landforms

Tropical environments - Vegetation, soils and ecosystems: characteristics, nutrient cycling

Tropical environments - Changes and challenges: population pressure, exploitation, climate change, management strategies

Coastal environments - Coastal processes: influencing factors, marine erosion, sub-aerial processes, transportation and deposition

Coastal environments - Coastal landforms: erosional and depositional features, vegetation-related systems

Coastal environments - Coral reefs: distribution, conditions, threats, management

Coastal environments - Physical and human challenges: issues, strategies, evaluation

Hazardous environments - Earthquake and volcanic hazards: distribution, processes, impacts, management

Hazardous environments - Tropical cyclone hazards: distribution, processes, impacts, management

Hazardous environments - Wildfire hazards: distribution, causes, impacts, management

Hazardous environments - Multi-hazard environments: causes, impacts, management

Arid environments - Arid climates: distribution, characteristics, causes

Arid environments - Processes and landforms: weathering, wind and water processes, landforms

Arid environments - Vegetation and soils: characteristics, adaptations, human impacts

Arid environments - Changes and challenges: population pressure, desertification, climate change, management

Climate change impacts and governance - Future climate: projections, impacts on environments, tipping points

Climate change impacts and governance - Socio-economic impacts: vulnerability, global patterns, most vulnerable groups

Climate change impacts and governance - Governance: global agreements, mitigation and adaptation strategies, case studies

Environmental issues and management - Environmental degradation: causes, impacts, management

Environmental issues and management - Pollution: types, sources, impacts, management

Environmental issues and management - Conservation and sustainability: approaches, strategies, examples

Trade, aid and tourism - Global trade: patterns, impacts, case studies

Trade, aid and tourism - Aid: types, sources, impacts, evaluation

Trade, aid and tourism - Tourism: patterns, impacts, management

Disease and geography - Disease: types, causes, distribution, impacts

Disease and geography - Health care: access, inequality, case studies

Disease and geography - Disease management: strategies, evaluation

Global water resources - Types of water resources: rivers, lakes and reservoirs, oceans, underground water, ice sheets, precipitation, recycled

Global water resources - Global pattern of water resources

The human water cycle - Capture, management, use, disposal, reuse of water

The human water cycle - Modification to the water cycle: agriculture, deforestation and afforestation, urbanisation, industrialisation, water abstraction, flood management

Trends in water consumption - Water stress and water scarcity (physical and economic)

Trends in water consumption - Water consumption linked to economic development

Trends in water consumption - Changing demands for water from human activities: agriculture

Urban growth - Processes of urban growth

Urban growth - Growth in population and area: globally and at city level

Urban growth - Cities experiencing different types of urban growth: urbanisation, suburbanisation, urban sprawl, counter urbanisation, re-urbanisation, urban renewal and regeneration

Causes and consequences of urban growth for urban areas and rural areas - Causes of urban growth: social, economic, political, historical

Causes and consequences of urban growth for urban areas and rural areas - Consequences of urban growth for urban areas and rural areas (environmental, social, economic, political)

Urban growth and a hierarchy of urban areas - The concept of a hierarchy of urban areas in a country

Urban growth and a hierarchy of urban areas - Primate cities: causes and consequences for countries

Urban growth and a hierarchy of urban areas - World cities: categories and causes

Urban structure and change - Factors which influence the structure and characteristics of urban areas

Urban structure and change - Horizontal versus vertical urban structures and urban land-use zones

Urban structure and change - The role of factors (physical, social, economic, political, historical) in creating distinct structures and patterns of land use

Urban structure and change - The concept of place identity and perception of place

The changing location of urban activities - Rate of change may vary in different cities depending on the location, economic classification and influences on change

Zonation of residential areas - Characteristics of different residential areas

Zonation of residential areas - Causes of residential zonation: income, supply of housing, ethnicity, planning, cultural and historical factors

Vegetation, soils and ecosystems in tropical environments - Vegetation characteristics of rainforest ecosystems and savanna ecosystems

Vegetation, soils and ecosystems in tropical environments - Development of plant communities: climatic climax, subclimax and plagioclimax

Vegetation, soils and ecosystems in tropical environments - Impact of climate and human activities

Soils in rainforests and savannas - Distinctive soil forming processes

Soils in rainforests and savannas - Soil types and profile characteristics: oxisols/latosols, tropical red and brown earths

Soils in rainforests and savannas - Impact of climate, vegetation and human activities

Nutrient cycling in rainforests and savannas - Gersmehl diagrams, soil fertility, energy flows and trophic levels

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes and related tectonic processes and plate boundaries

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Earthquake hazards and impacts

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Factors affecting severity of earthquakes: – focus and epicentre

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - types of seismic waves: P-waves and S-waves, Love waves and Rayleigh waves

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - magnitude and magnitude scales: Richter, Modified Mercalli and Moment Magnitude

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Main hazards: ground-shaking, liquefaction, landslides, tsunami, aftershocks

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Physical factors and human factors of vulnerability to earthquake hazards and impacts: significance of time of day, distance from epicentre, population density, infrastructure, economic development

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Impacts on people and the environment: short-term impacts and long-term impacts

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Volcanic hazards and impacts

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Processes involved in volcano formation

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Types of volcano: strato-volcano (composite cone), shield volcano, cinder cone, lava dome, fissure eruptions

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Explosive and effusive eruptions and their main hazards: lava flows, tephra and ash falls, volcanic mudflows/lahars, volcanic landslides, pyroclastic flows (nuées ardentes), jökulhlaups, toxic gases

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Volcanic explosivity index (VEI)

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Physical factors and human factors of vulnerability to volcanic hazards and impacts: speed, size, frequency, extent of the eruption, population density, infrastructure, economic development

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Management of earthquake and volcanic hazards

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - Prediction techniques and their reliability, precursor events (warning signs) and warning times

Earthquake and volcanic hazards and impacts - The concept of perception of risk

Vegetation and soils in arid environments - Vegetation characteristics in hot arid and hot semi-arid environments

Vegetation and soils in arid environments - Biomass productivity: limited biodiversity, limited nutrient cycling

Vegetation and soils in arid environments - Adaptation of plants to extreme temperatures

Vegetation and soils in arid environments - Adaptation of plants to physical and physiological drought

Vegetation and soils in arid environments - Impact of climate and human activities

Soils in hot arid and hot semi-arid environments - Distinctive soil forming processes

Soils in hot arid and hot semi-arid environments - Characteristics of arid soils: solonetz, solonchaks

Soils in hot arid and hot semi-arid environments - Impact of climate, vegetation and human activities

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - Influenza (flu) as an example of a viral disease

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - Transmission, threat to populations and distribution: how influenza (flu) is transmitted and factors influencing its spread

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - prevalence and risk factors of influenza (flu)

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - global distribution and spatial and time variation of influenza (flu)

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - social and economic impacts of influenza (flu)

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - Risks associated with new human strains of influenza (flu), including potential of new variants from animal populations

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - Detailed specific example of the strategies used by one country to prevent and control influenza (flu)

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - Cholera as an example of a bacterial disease

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - Transmission, threat to populations and distribution: how cholera is transmitted and factors influencing its spread

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - prevalence and risk factors of cholera

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - global distribution and spatial variation of cholera

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - the potential risks of cholera spread following disaster events

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - social and economic impacts of cholera

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - Detailed specific example of the strategies used by one country to prevent and control cholera

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - Malaria as an example of a parasitic disease spread by a vector (mosquito)

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - Transmission, threat to populations and distribution: how malaria is transmitted and factors influencing its spread

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - prevalence and risk factors of malaria

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - global distribution and spatial variation of malaria and spread due to changing environmental conditions

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - social and economic impacts of malaria

Pathogenic diseases, their spread and impacts - Detailed specific example of the strategies used by one country to prevent and control malaria

Monitoring and response to pathogenic diseases - Monitoring disease to manage public health emergencies

Monitoring and response to pathogenic diseases - Factors that influence effective disease monitoring: cost-effective testing, access and scalability of testing technology, access to patients, data accuracy, disclosure and patient confidentiality, international relations (collaboration)

Monitoring and response to pathogenic diseases - Controls of disease: vaccines, education, sanitation infrastructure, low-tech solutions (mosquito nets, face masks)

Monitoring and response to pathogenic diseases - Responses to disease outbreaks

Monitoring and response to pathogenic diseases - Factors influencing an effective response to disease outbreaks: environmental, social, economic, political

Monitoring and response to pathogenic diseases - Detailed specific examples of two contrasting countries’ responses to one pandemic since 2000

Monitoring and response to pathogenic diseases - Similarities and differences in responses to the pandemic

Monitoring and response to pathogenic diseases - Factors (environmental, social, economic, political) influencing effective responses

Monitoring and response to pathogenic diseases - Critical evaluation of a global programme to eradicate one pathogenic disease (any disease may be chosen): with reference to environmental, social, economic or political reasons for potential re-emergence