Array bounds checking is a mechanism used by a programming language to verify that an attempt to access an element in an array is within the valid range of indices for that array. It checks whether the index being used is less than the minimum index (usually 0) and less than or equal to the maximum index (the array's size minus 1).

Importance: Array bounds checking is crucial for preventing buffer overflows and other memory-related errors. A buffer overflow occurs when a program writes data beyond the allocated memory boundaries of an array. This can overwrite other data in memory, potentially leading to program crashes, security vulnerabilities, or unpredictable behavior.

Implementation: Array bounds checking is typically implemented at runtime by the language's runtime environment or the compiler. When an array access is attempted, the runtime system checks the index against the array's size. If the index is out of bounds, an exception or error is raised, preventing the invalid access.

Consequences of disabling array bounds checking: If array bounds checking is disabled (which is sometimes done for performance reasons, but is generally discouraged), the risk of buffer overflows significantly increases. This can lead to:

• Program crashes: Overwriting critical data can cause the program to crash.
• Security vulnerabilities: Attackers can exploit buffer overflows to inject malicious code into the program's memory space.
• Data corruption: Overwriting data can corrupt the program's state and lead to incorrect results.

Function: GetFirstRow(array)

Input: 2D array of integers (array)

Output: 1D array of integers

1. If array is empty then:
2. Return an empty 1D array
3. End If
4. Initialize newArray as a 1D array of size equal to the number of columns in the first row of the input array.
5. For i = 0 to number of columns - 1 do:
6. newArray[i] = array[0][i]
7. End For
8. Return newArray

An array is a contiguous block of memory locations used to store a collection of elements of the same data type. The key characteristic of an array is that each element can be accessed using a numerical index. An element refers to a single value stored within the array at a specific index.

The significance of the index is that it provides a way to uniquely identify and access each element within the array. Indices typically start from 0 in most programming languages (zero-based indexing). The element at index 'i' is accessed using the array name followed by the index in square brackets (e.g., myArray[i]).

Example: Consider an array of integers representing the scores of five students: {85, 92, 78, 95, 88}. Here, each number (85, 92, 78, 95, 88) is an element. The index associated with each element is: 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. So, scores[0] would access the score 85, scores[1] would access 92, and so on.