IGCSE Geography 0460 - 4.2 Fieldwork: Plan, Carry Out and Evaluate Geographical Investigations

Introduction

Fieldwork is a crucial component of the IGCSE Geography course, allowing students to gather firsthand data and develop geographical skills. This section outlines the process of planning, carrying out, and evaluating geographical investigations.

4.2.1 Planning a Fieldwork Investigation

Defining the Question

The first step is to clearly define the geographical question the investigation aims to answer. This question should be specific, focused, and appropriate for fieldwork. Examples include:

• How does vegetation change with altitude?
• What is the relationship between distance from a river and the type of settlement?
• How do people use a particular outdoor space?

Site Selection

Choosing the right location is vital. Consider:

• Accessibility: Is the site easily accessible and safe?
• Relevance: Does the site directly relate to the investigation question?
• Safety: Are there any potential hazards?
• Permission: Is permission required to access the site?

Data Collection Methods

Select appropriate methods to collect the required data. Common methods include:

• Observation: Recording details about the environment.
• Questionnaires: Gathering information from people.
• Mapping: Creating or using maps to record features.
• Sampling: Selecting representative parts of the area for closer study.
• Measuring: Using instruments to collect quantitative data (e.g., using a compass, clinometer).

Resources and Equipment

Make a list of all the resources and equipment needed for the investigation. This might include:

• Maps
• Compass
• Clinometer
• Measuring tape
• Questionnaires
• Pens and paper
• Camera
• Safety equipment

Risk Assessment

Identify potential risks and plan how to mitigate them. This should include:

• Physical risks (e.g., uneven ground, weather).
• Environmental risks (e.g., wildlife, water hazards).
• Personal risks (e.g., getting lost).

4.2.2 Carrying Out a Fieldwork Investigation

Data Collection

Follow the planned procedure carefully. Ensure data is collected accurately and consistently. Record all data clearly and systematically.

Safety Procedures

Adhere to all safety procedures. Work in pairs or groups and be aware of your surroundings.

Data Recording

Use appropriate methods for recording data, such as:

• Field sketches
• Notes
• Graphs
• Tables

4.2.3 Evaluating a Fieldwork Investigation

Data Analysis

Analyze the collected data to identify patterns, trends, and relationships. This may involve:

• Calculating averages
• Creating graphs and charts
• Identifying correlations

Conclusion

State whether the investigation successfully answers the initial question. Discuss the findings and their significance.

Evaluation of the Investigation

Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the investigation. Consider:

• The appropriateness of the methods used.
• The reliability and validity of the data.
• Any limitations or constraints.

Recommendations

Suggest improvements for future investigations.

Example Investigation: Investigating Vegetation Change with Altitude

Stage	Activities	Data Collected
Planning	Define question, select site (e.g., a hill), plan data collection (e.g., using quadrats), list equipment.	Site map, data recording sheets.
Data Collection	Use quadrats at different altitudes to record the types of vegetation present.	List of plant species, frequency of each species.
Evaluation	Analyze the data to see how vegetation changes with altitude. Discuss any limitations of the investigation.	Graphs, conclusions, recommendations.

Useful Geographical Skills

Fieldwork investigations develop several important geographical skills:

• Observation
• Data recording
• Data analysis
• Map reading
• Communication
• Teamwork
• Problem-solving