Resources | Subject Notes | Geography
This section explores the distribution, characteristics, and reasons for the distribution of tropical climates globally. Understanding these climates is crucial for analyzing ecosystems, human activities, and environmental challenges in these regions.
Tropical climates are primarily found within the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, roughly between 23.5°N and 23.5°S latitude. They are concentrated in areas near the equator.
There are two main types of tropical climates:
These climates are not uniformly distributed. Factors such as proximity to coastlines, mountain ranges, and ocean currents influence their location.
Tropical climates are consistently warm throughout the year. Average monthly temperatures typically range between 20°C and 30°C. There is minimal seasonal variation in temperature.
Rainfall is a defining characteristic of tropical climates. The amount of rainfall varies between the different types of tropical climates. Tropical rainforest climates receive very high rainfall (over 2000mm per year), while tropical monsoon climates have a significant seasonal variation in rainfall.
High humidity is common in tropical climates due to the high rates of evaporation. This contributes to the feeling of heat and discomfort.
Tropical regions receive abundant sunshine throughout the year, supporting high levels of primary productivity.
The distribution of tropical climates is primarily determined by the following factors:
The most significant factor is latitude. The location within the tropics ensures consistent solar radiation throughout the year.
The tropics receive direct sunlight year-round, leading to high temperatures. The angle of incidence of solar radiation is also high, further contributing to the warmth.
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) plays a crucial role. The ITCZ is a zone of low pressure where the trade winds converge. This convergence leads to rising air, condensation, and heavy rainfall.
Ocean currents can influence the temperature and rainfall patterns of coastal tropical regions. Warm ocean currents can increase humidity and rainfall, while cold currents can have a moderating effect.
Mountain ranges can create orographic rainfall, leading to higher rainfall on the windward side of the mountains.
| Characteristic | Tropical Rainforest (Af) | Tropical Monsoon (Am) |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature | Average 20-30°C | Average 20-30°C |
| Rainfall | >2000mm per year, evenly distributed | High, with distinct wet and dry seasons |
| Humidity | Very High | High |
| Seasonality | Minimal | Significant wet and dry seasons |
| Vegetation | Dense rainforest | Monsoon forests, grasslands |
Figure 1: Suggested diagram: A map showing the approximate distribution of tropical rainforest (Af) and tropical monsoon (Am) climates. The map should clearly indicate the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn and the location of the ITCZ.
Tropical climates face a range of environmental challenges, including deforestation, biodiversity loss, soil erosion, and the impacts of climate change. Understanding these challenges is essential for sustainable development in these regions.